![]() We also consider what cyber tools and effects might be employed as the war continues. As Ukraine increasingly fields software-intensive, more deeply networked NATO equipment, Russia may attempt to step up efforts to hack platforms-potentially revealing vulnerabilities and prompting fixes that make U.S. Ukraine’s inititial defense relied heavily on older, less networked weapons systems.Russian propaganda has focused on two distinct vectors-the first inward-facing and designed to shore up support for the war among the Russian public and the second primarily oriented toward the Global South to fuel “West vs. Propaganda operations by Ukraine have had tremendous reach in Europe and the United States and continue to elicit support.Intelligence support from the West to Ukraine appears highly significant and useful, possibly substantially shaping Ukrainian strategy and tactics and.Unmanned aircraft have come to occupy a critical intelligence and air support function for Ukraine, although Russia is increasingly able to employ drones as well.Communications security for Russian forces from the tactical- to theater-level has frequently failed, often with disastrous consequences, as signals intelligence information has been employed to target military command echelons.A form of cyber conflict has emerged in which Russia often attempts to aggressively deny service or purloin information, while Ukraine and its allies often blunt the attacks.Information and cyber action have been important but ancillary components of the Ukraine war since its outbreak on February 24, 2022.
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